Pakistan Competitive Exam

Part I Concepts and Terms Related to Modren Materials & Chemical

1.Nanotechnology:

The manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, often used to create materials with improved properties and functionalities.

2.Polymer:

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers, widely used in various industrial applications for their strength, flexibility, and durability.

3.Composite Material:

A material composed of two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, combined to produce a material with enhanced characteristics.

4.Ceramics:

Inorganic, non-metallic materials formed by the action of heat, often possessing high strength, hardness, and thermal stability, used in various industrial and domestic applications.

5.Metallurgy

: The science and technology of metals, including their extraction from ores, refining, alloying, and shaping to create various metallic materials with specific properties.

6.Semiconductor:

A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, often used in electronic devices and integrated circuits.

7.Superconductor:

A material that can conduct electricity or transport electrons with zero resistance, typically at very low temperatures, used in various applications in the field of electronics and energy transmission.

8.Biodegradable:

Capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms, often used to describe materials that can break down naturally and reduce environmental pollution.

9.Catalyst:

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process, often used to accelerate or facilitate chemical reactions in industrial processes.

10.Nanomaterials:

Materials with dimensions at the nanoscale, possessing unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties that differ from those of bulk materials, used in various fields, including medicine, electronics, and energy.

11.Thermoplastic

: A type of polymer that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon cooling, allowing for reshaping and recycling.

12.Thermosetting Polymer:

A polymer that irreversibly solidifies or sets when heated, often used in the production of durable and heat-resistant materials, such as coatings and adhesives.

13.Corrosion:

The gradual degradation or deterioration of a material due to chemical reactions with its environment, often leading to the weakening or failure of the material.

14. Conductivity:

The ability of a material to transmit an electric charge or heat, often used to describe the efficiency of materials in conducting electricity or thermal energy.

15.Adhesive

: A substance used for sticking objects or materials together, often in the form of glue, cement, or resin, used in various industrial, commercial, and domestic applications.

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Part II Concepts and Terms Related to Modren Materials & Chemical

1.Elastomer:

A polymer with elastic properties, often used to describe materials that can undergo significant deformation and then return to their original shape.

2.Alloy:

A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, often resulting in a material with enhanced properties, such as increased strength, durability, or resistance to corrosion.

3.Dielectric Material:

An insulating material that can support an electrostatic field without conducting electricity, often used in the construction of capacitors and other electronic components.

4.Solubility:

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, often used to describe the extent to which a material can dissolve in water or other solvents.

5.Viscosity:

The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, often used to describe the thickness or resistance to deformation of a material, such as a liquid or a semi-solid.

6.Tensile Strength:

The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking, often used to describe the durability and resilience of materials under tension.

7.Malleability:

The ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into shapes without breaking or cracking, often used to describe the workability of metals.

8.Biocompatibility:

The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application, often used to describe materials suitable for use in medical implants and devices.

9.Electrolyte:

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water or melted, often used in batteries, fuel cells, and various electrochemical processes.

0.Photoconductivity:

1 The ability of a material to conduct electrical current when exposed to light, often used in the construction of photodetectors and solar cells.

11.Refractory Material:

A material that can withstand high temperatures without melting or undergoing significant deformation, often used in the construction of furnace linings and other high-temperature applications.

12.Biomaterial

: A natural or synthetic material used in medical devices or implants to interact with biological systems for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

13.Dielectric Strength:

The maximum electric field that a material can withstand without breaking down, often used to describe the insulation capabilities of materials in electrical applications.

14.Electroplating

: The process of coating a metal object with a thin layer of a different metal using electrolysis, often used to enhance the appearance, durability, or conductivity of the object.

15.Fluorescence

: The emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation, often used in various applications, including microscopy, medical imaging, and materials analysis.

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The Famous Theory Related to Modren Materials & Chemical

1.Periodic law

One of the most famous theories related to modern materials and chemicals is the Periodic Law and the development of the Periodic Table of Elements by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Periodic Law, proposed in the mid-19th century, states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Mendeleev's work led to the creation of the Periodic Table, which organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

2.The Periodic Table of Elements

It revolutionized the field of chemistry and provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the properties and behaviors of elements, as well as predicting the existence and properties of new elements. The table highlights the relationships between elements, their chemical reactivity, and their characteristic properties, allowing scientists to identify trends, patterns, and similarities among different elements.

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

It has served as the foundation for modern chemistry, facilitating the classification and categorization of elements based on their chemical and physical properties. It has played a crucial role in the development of materials science and technology, enabling researchers to explore and manipulate the properties of elements and compounds, leading to the discovery and design of new materials with diverse applications in various fields, including industry, technology, and medicine.

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Scientists and Their Discoveries related to Modren Materials & Chemical

Marie Curie (1867-1934):

Curie was a pioneering physicist and chemist known for her research on radioactivity. Her discoveries of the radioactive elements polonium and radium significantly advanced the field of modern chemistry.

Linus Pauling (1901-1994):

Pauling was a prominent American chemist and peace activist known for his work on the nature of the chemical bond and the elucidation of the structures of complex substances. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

Fritz Haber (1868-1934):

Haber was a German chemist known for his work on the synthesis of ammonia from its elements, a process known as the Haber-Bosch process. His work had a profound impact on the development of modern agriculture and the production of fertilizers.

Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898-1979):

Blodgett was an American physicist and chemist known for her work on surface chemistry and the development of techniques for creating monomolecular coatings, leading to the invention of "invisible" or non-reflective glass.

Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014):

Kwolek was an American chemist known for her discovery of Kevlar, a high-strength, heat-resistant synthetic fiber used in a variety of products, including bullet-resistant vests and protective gear.

Carl Bosch (1874-1940) and Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949)

: Bosch and Bergius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of the Haber-Bosch process, a method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which revolutionized the production of fertilizers and had a profound impact on modern agriculture.

Robert H. Grubbs (1942-):

Grubbs is an American chemist known for his work on the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, which has led to the production of new types of polymers, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials.

George de Hevesy (1885-1966):

Hevesy was a Hungarian radiochemist known for his work on the use of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.

Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016):

Zewail was an Egyptian-American scientist known for his work on femtochemistry, the study of chemical reactions on extremely short timescales. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the development of femtosecond spectroscopy.

Ada Yonath (1939-):

Yonath is an Israeli crystallographer known for her work on the structure and function of the ribosome. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, which are crucial for the development of new antibiotics.

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